WHAT IS 5G

 5th generation wireless systems, abbreviated 5G, are improved networks deploying in 2018 and later and may use existing 4G or newly specified 5G Frequency Bands to operate.

The primary technologies include:
Millimeter wave bands (26, 28, 38, and 60 GHz) are 5G and offer performance as high as 20 gigabits per second;

Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output – 64-256 antennas) offers performance “up to ten times current 4G networks;” “Low-band 5G” and “Mid-band 5G” use frequencies from 600 MHz to 6 GHz, especially 3.5-4.2 GHz.

5G is  devided into FR1(FReq. Range), FR2 and  MMW.

The 3GPP Release 15 of December, 2017 is the most common definition.

Some prefer the more rigorous ITU IMT-2020 definition, which only includes the high-frequency bands for much higher speeds. 5G is the fifth generation.

 5G SPECTRUM:

Typical  Home or Mobile  setup.

 TYPICAL TOPOLOGY:

NETWORK BLOCK DIAGRAM

 Click to enlarge

 What is 2X2 MIMO ?

2x2 MIMO, sometimes referred to as 2T2R, (2 transmit-2 Receive)
uses two antennas to establish up to two streams of data with the receiving device.

Compared to ordinary single antenna networks, 2x2 offers up to a 100% increase in throughput.

For example a Router that is WiFi 2X2 MIMO DUAL Bands: contains
2 WiFi radios: 2.4Ghz & 5.8Ghz it can be connected to 2 Dual bands Antenna (each contains 2 WiFi elements).

This creates 2 WiFi data streams for increased performance.
(Dipole dual-band antennas for WiFi are omnidirectional antennas that radiate RF (radio frequency) signals in both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequencies.)

That router may be LTE 4X4 MIMO : it contains 4 LTE radios to be connected to 4 LTE-4G Antennas to get a connection on multiple bands from 2 towers at the same time.  

Peplink Max BR1- 4X4 MIMO setup: 4 X LTE-4G-5G Antenna connections. ©Copyright Onboard Wireless.com

 NETWORKING

 *  WIFI  WPA3:  

 *  CABLE-DSL-FIBER: 

 *  PROTOCOLS:

*  WHAT IS DNS :

* MIMO Technology

.

 THE RV OFFICE

 CONSUMER ROUTERS:  why  so many Antennas ?

 © by DAve Moore,

 More antennas means better transmission, better reception, and higher throughput.

I have been working in the Wi-Fi industry since before it was Wi-Fi, so please understand that when I say that I do know
the correct answer, it is because I actually do.

By “Wi-Fi box”, I am assuming you are talking about an Access Point.
In the simplest form, a Wi-Fi network consists of an Access Point and 1 or more client devices.

If you have Wi-Fi in your home, you have an AP (Access Point) and client devices (such as your smart phone, your laptop,
iPad, etc).
Most client devices have more than one antenna, some do not. Nearly all APs have multiple antennas. I would not bother
with one that does not. These antennas may be internally located in the “box” so that you cannot see how many there are.
In fact, the technology has grown to a point where this is actually a better design.
Still, when you go to Best Buy to look for a new AP and see one with lots of antennas sticking out, to the point where the look
like the latest version of the throne in Game of Thrones, it looks impressive and you might be willing to pay more for it.

Don’t be fooled.

The use of multiple antennas has nothing to do with some antennas providing coverage in one direction with others provide
coverage in other directions. This used to be the case, in the beginning of Wi-Fi. It does not have to do with diversity either.
That used to be the case in the beginning as well, but not today.
It does have everything to do with better reception and better transmission.
Instead, it has to do with the ability of the AP to utilize several methods to improve communications between the AP itself
and the client devices that it serves. Think of each antenna as a degree of freedom. The more antennas, the more degrees of
freedom available for the AP to react to the ever-changing RF environment.

MRC.

Without going into details, MRC is the ability to send or hear the same signal on multiple antennas. The more antennas,
the stronger the signal, the better the transmission/reception of that signal, and the greater the range. This can improve
range and throughput at range.

Multiple streams.

Again, without going into details, each antenna sends different data, or receives different data.
Two antennas means twice the throughput when used this way. Three antennas means three times the throughput.
This method does not improve range, however.

Tx BF, or transmit beamforming.

I won’t go into details on this one either, but the idea is that the same signal is sent on multiple antennas, but each signal
is out of phase with the others. The result is to create a new antenna pattern that is more directional in the moment.
That is, the AP can focus on transmission to specific clients, providing higher gain, which results in both higher throughput
and greater range.

Now, the degrees of freedom part.

An AP with multiple antennas can choose among these three methods or use any combination of them.
But, each one has a cost. Not a single one is best for all situations either.
For example, if your AP has 3 antennas, it can use all three for MRC, or it can use all three for TxBF, or it can use all three for
tripling the throughput.
It can also use two for MRC and the combination of those two with the remaining one for TxBF,
but not have any more left for doubling throughput.
You can probably tick off the many other combinations possible.

So, when you go to purchase an AP at Best Buy, look at the specs to see if it is a 1x1:1, 2x2:2, 3x3:3, or 4x4:4.

Those numbers indicate the number of antennas, radios, and streams. It’s a bit more complicated than that, but that is the gist.
For more, see First Certification: 3x3:3 Essentially, though, the more the better.
I won’t go into how good you need it to be for your case as that can vary case by case,
but at least you have some idea of which is more capable.